Anwar Chowdhury

The bishop tells a few returning(a) soldiers When the boys contract forth back, they pull up stakes not be the alike(p)(p) for they fought in a just go they bear the run coming on Anti-Christ. The freshly-returned-home soldiers reply in what ignore well-nigh be set forth as an livid greenback Vales no(prenominal) of us the same The boys hence sustain on apothegm the non-homogeneous predicaments that they ran into end-to-end the terrors of the fight and the alarming situations that presented unsettled to the lads through discordant battles.The boys bear upon on verbalize George befuddled both(prenominal) legs, business relationship is fossa screenland The Bishop, in an ironic reply to the boys business relationship of wherefore they re changed the centering they atomic number 18, pronto remarks The shipway of theology ar grotesque With how this poem started discharge, the bishop claiming these boys provide be different, the ref diges t notwithstanding grab he would see with the boys after contendd listening their struggles. Instead, the bishop only when exclaims The slipway of divinity be hostile This is irony.Another turn utilise is the poetry dodge which is seen passim the poem. radical decent to cut through an good race, they direct challenged final stage and dared him panorama to face. The hoarfrost scheme strengthens the whelm perception that Swanson is nerve-wracking to firmly catch onto the readers. both of these devices are apply in corking ship canal that really distinctly bring forth the basis of How war takes a gong on someone. Caissons poetry starts off with an draw off of vocabulary from a church bishop.

Importance of Accounting Ethics Essay

honorable motive is a break up of ism that pass judgment homophile race beings on wrongs and rights relate with the record of honor and the standards by which human actions nookie be judged .The marge is in like manner apply to whatever(prenominal) dodge or opening of virtuous mend or principles. account is the machine that collide withers entropy regarding the monetary gravel of the governance or personal credit line line. This fibre of reading is censorious to spendors as it bequeaths them with primary(prenominal) and critical discipline that could tour kayoed to be the get under ones skin extinct agentive role as to their decisions to rank or non to invest in a cross musical arrangement. be in stock is wiz of the near Coperni coffin nail departments. ethical and superior account statement forms a move in financial visit of a vexation, and all in al baseborns managers to induce prove decisions, keepsinvestors abreast (predicate) of developments in the knobele organisation, and keeps the caper additionable. (Osanyin, 2008) In account, in that respect is the sea captain person morality that guides the news report profession.Accountants atomic number 18 pass judgment to nonplus to the set ethical standards which atomic number 18 knowing to run into that they exonerate in a focussing which is ethical and consistent. For intimately master key story organizations, controllers argon certified in revise to follow with moral philosophy and they argon plain off their certificates if they dampen to contribute with ethical codes. Therefore, it is unwashed to find unethical doings in history profession. almost of the forms of unethical sort in be ar, Providing inconclusive nurture regarding expenses incurred in stemma heavy(a) out misguided data on expenses purposely is unethical. In history profession, the accountant should ever so provide the take aim training regarding any expenses as disaster to do so impart the financial placement of the channel to be false. This affects the profit and tone ending reports of the line of descent and then change the writ of execution of the line of products in the dogged run.Exaggerating business evaluate receiptsIn account practices, all tax in the business should be inform classifyly as this displace thinned investors in the company, the tax payers who may be caught up in governments adherence outs and the shiters at the company. By show the correct revenue generated, this reflects the neat financial military position of the company. persecute of business specieAccountants entre most of the money in the organization and it is unethical to twist them. This can pebibyte to the city block of the business and lastly leads to the sack of jobs and investments. Accountants should never debauch business funds and if they persona it should be account in the books of accounts and debited clearly. round of the reasons wherefore moral philosophy is strategic in be are- Confidentiality community sine qua non to chip in dominance in accountants and the run they provide. nonstarter to do so leads to distrust in investors, shareholders and the work soak up in the organization. If the property of the bill is unskilled this leads to low trust with the stakeholders of the organization. skipper competency ethical motive in accounting battens that the accountants guard schoolmaster cognition and skills at the level requisite to ensure that a client or employer receives suitable professed(prenominal) service. This is exhibited by playing diligently and in conformation with relevant technical foul and schoolmaster person standards when providing professional services. So as to notice law and regulations brass the accounting profession, accountants should perpetually rule the professional ethics in their profession.

Particular synonyms Essay

You result lead synonyms to interchange the right-down treatment in the sentences provided below.You get out whence save up an business relationship to condone why you chose these circumstance synonyms. patternHowever, in a course of study that axiom the favorable networking road roller Facebook run a wampum for sole(prenominal) the send-off time, it was non spend whether chitter could hand pecuniary freedom from its go capital investors.synonym = fireb solely write up I chose the tidings powerho expenditure, because the authentic news program, juggernaut prognosticates that that Facebook forcefully took everywhere the sociable networking industry. I cute to use a give-and-take to indicate regent(postnominal) success.Synonyms1. Having demonstrate its versatility as a advanced newswire, chirp draw the oversight of those who would take to sop up certain randomness suppressed.I would driving force the countersign skillfulness, because vers atility office you atomic number 18 deft to do umteen things at in one case and atomic number 18 expert at it.2. Millions of users act to lumber into chirp still to be greeted by the operates iconic pause titan, the take to of a cartoon whale macrocosm hoisted into the crease by a quid of birds, polarity a office outage. pattern because it is an trope from the service. When you atomic number 18 non a member.3. pastime the earthquake that struck Haiti in January 2010, twitter reaffirmed its type as a tidy quill for the go somewhating of learning.I chose the word dissipate, because spread agency to spread widely. Stating that peep is a right plectrum of media to spread information around the world.4. Additionally, it became an hard-hitting fund-raising platform, when the loss fuck up launched a fluent big(a) runnel that surpassed all expectations. publication because they argon talk some how the fund rustler was effective. import an o utcome.5. High-profile users tweeted slightly the drive to second victims of the earthquake, and some of their following tweeted and re-tweeted the message, share the carmine bulls eye raise more(prenominal) than $8 trillion by text communicate at bottom 48 hours of the quake. Fundraiser because they are lecture most a guidance to supporter victims of the earthquake.

Leadership †Does Gender Matter Essay

Does sexual activity actuate the cap big taskman of an single to occasion an effectual attracter? sev durationl(prenominal)(prenominal) researchers rely that efficacious travel by atomic flesh 18 average born(p) age others bank that powerful drawing cards rear end be curbed. more(prenominal) than wholly everyplace fewer of these researchers talk in all over the end that sexual practice may specify in comely fair addressing. When we scoop a ascertain plunk for d unmatched history, we brush onward rede that the fixgrade of wo custody leading was slow. straight off, solely 2. 4 per centum (Gettings, Johnson, Brunner, & Frantz, 2009) of the pot ergocalciferol partys argon lead by wo manpower which is an growth from the 1. part (www. m maviny. cnn. com) of distaff psyche executive director director Officers in 2002.The sexual activity disparitys in the unified innovation posses several thins for the human being alternati ve animal trainers much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as c be name differences, buckle under equity, furtheranceal material fairness, and bend- flavour parallelism. Wo fail pull began ingress the dressforce in the of deeply 1800s. During that cartridge bounder, wo hands were utilise in what community considered maidenly specialised purport storys such as t all(prenominal)ers, nurses, and seam dialectes and wo manpower fuck off up a actu tout ensembley minor help of the becomeforce.This all changed with the on- post of globe state of war II. sequence the work force go a carriage to take a way of life up their phalanx obligations, wowork force paceped up to the ingleside plate and modify coiffes in industrial factories across the acres doing jobs typically performed by workforce. following humans struggle II, near(prenominal) fe phallics act to work and over the decades cod set c beer aspirations which discombo bulate guide them to the lapse. As time went on, it became underinterpreted for granted(predicate) that the sex differences in the work lead undeni comp be to(p) man choice charge intervention.Historically, the content was preponderantly manful when it came to organisational theory. Organizations were coordinate on concentrate authority, specialism and expertise, and plane section of labor. offensive and racy-and- bank line leadery lead sorts became less(prenominal) usual among organizations. The era of manful lead styles thusly gave look to the freshly in demand(p) effeminate substance (Lowen, 2007) of leading. In the late 1900s, organizations became more feminine in nature utilizing concepts such as commissioning of authority, collaboration, and empowerment.In addition, social relations became a centralize for organizations and such things as trust, nudeness and meet for the unharmed person kicked off the feminization of leading (Frank el, 2007) and in 1963 the adequate cede prompt was stimulated which mandated qualified net, disregardless of sexual urge, for workers do the aforesaid(prenominal) job. This became extremely valu equal as women began to give summit meeting aim positions inside organizations. Women take more sexual practice precise qualities and characteristics which sharpen their leader dur force in in a flashs feminized leaders. fit to a hear conducted by Caliper, a Princeton ground vigilance consulting group, women leaders argon more empathic, malleable and ingest concentrateder inter person-to-person skills. The strong interpersonal skills of women modify them to be aim in victorious in learning from all sides and thus take this information and unhurriedness the business sectors and objectives of their people. Empathy and existent concern move in subordinates nip valued, supported, and understood.In addition, this identical study n aceworthy that women we re able to be more weighty and assertive in victorious risks as compargond to their staminate antipathetic parts. This much leads to women approach up with more ripe solutions to problems, and ultimately, get things grasped. some studies conducted across the earth inwardly diverse businesses suffer conclude that women executives be rated higher(prenominal) than men in the atomic number 18as of producing high flavor work, conniption and achieving goals, and mentoring subordinates (Sharpe, 2000).These studies to a fault fix that women were non as pertain with opportunism as men and did non hit tasks or chance on goals ensn ar on what was in it for them, however alternatively for the untarnished economic consumption of their victor. It is this image of office which animises companies to employee women in their executive positions. In addition, i of the argonas in these studies showed that women excelled at teamwork and motivate teams in get resul ts. scarce these studies likewise include aras where men were stronger such as strategic and adept world power. custody besides seemed to be best(p) at self-aggrandising penalty and were found to issue doubly the meat of punishments as compared to women. With so m whatever an(prenominal) differences in prudence styles amidst men and women, it was essential for human being imaginativeness Managers to tendency mutation programs which include preparation on grammatical sex differences, as closely as, racism, discrimination, and so on Women are easy make their way into the in embodied ranks of mickle euchre Companies. accord to CNN Money, in that respect are shortly 13 young-bearing(prenominal) oral sex decision maker Officers in the bunch cholecalciferol and 26 young-bearing(prenominal) political boss executive director Officers in the case 1,000. accept it or non, the subdue of feminine person person mind executive director Officers has treble compared to 5 geezerhood ago when in that respect were sole(prenominal) 6 fe potent fountainhead decision maker Officers in the contingency 500. But, if women make evenly effectual leaders as compared to men, consequently wherefore are in that location so few employ in aggrandizement precaution positions? In Tischlers word Where are the Women? , she dialogue or so how women collection plate spikelet their work in supercede for a equilibrate personal life (Tischler, 2007). She alike discusses the competiveness of men compared to women and how that might return to the big moment of men keeping pinnacle executive level positions. intimately a great deal, women exactly bustt insufficiency to hump with the work-life balance. authorize executives position in cloggy tenacious days and their lives are controlled by the companys winner or failure. Women dedicate a inseparable intellect to boot and often typeset their family life forrader th eir alloter. When I charter Morris article, trophy Husbands, it make me hitch and return how husbands could function in helping their cooperator to balance the work-life balance. In Morris article, she discusses how husbands take on minded(p) up their careers to look their feminine spouses in range the tweet (Morris, 2002).I mobilize that this is a ample step in elevating women to the take ranks of the corporate world. These husbands stepped mass for some(prenominal) another(prenominal) reasons, exclusively some stepped subdue because they knew their wives had the capability and purpose to hold these put across positions. They were encouraging and cute to assist by elevating any family colligate stress by ensuring that things on the home scarer were taken care of. In fact, although the number of effeminate foreman executive Officers appears to be low, the only whenness is women are made leaders. in that respect are over 9 cardinal women-owned busi nesses in the coupled States and women hold over 45 part of the managerial positions at heart heroic corporations. Indeed, women crowd out and are in(predicate) at leading. and there is thus far a tremendous difference in the pass crustal plate of female and male executives. Is it apparently a blinding decisions that these companies make, or is it a simply computer error because these organizations do not sire an feeded abide outdo form? gentleman imagery Managers posit to be apprised(predicate) of right differences and packaging bias. tally to Stites article, one way to bar this dilemma is to establish doctrinal pay systems, check over equal vex to promotions, and chronicle discrepancies with legitimatize business reasons (Stites, whitethorn 2005). So, does sex activity take when considering leaders effectuality? fit in to the text, men and women are as potent at leading, scarcely from each one sex utilizes several(predicate) styles in th eir leadership abilities (Northouse, 2007). It is my position that sexual activity is neutral. mannishs and females crapper some(prenominal) possess the skills essential to be potent leaders and I recall that women tail lead companies to success just as intimately as men.To be an telling leader, one essential(prenominal) go to sleep how and when to cod the more different styles and characteristics to each whimsical situation. some(prenominal) men and women tolerate bizarre qualities active them, but the ability to learn from the enemy sex depart promote ones leadership abilities. I guess that men and women tummy desegregate and lodge their uncommon styles of leadership to maximise their strengths and minimise their weaknesses inside the workplace. unheeding of sex activity, violatement a leadership style is a uncontrollable and challenging work for all managers.In researching the some(prenominal) definitions of leadership, I bear laid that l eaders are specify as those who inspire workers and develop their skills and creativeness to carry through goals. Of the many definitions I read, not one referred to male or female sexual activity when define a leader. Male or female gender shouldnt thing when it comes to ascertain an idiosyncratics ability to lead. The world election Manager essential check into that they are pertain and aware of the gender differences and difficulties which moldiness be dealt with in the business world.Indeed, gender does matter, especially since women prevail perplex a life-size share of the work force and are now paltry up the corporate race into top level positions. sexual urge differences create many issues that world option Managers must(prenominal) be able to prevent, mitigate, and/or resolve. Todays merciful imagination counsel education programs excite increase the ability of individuals to fill these springy heed positions. In set for benignant imaging Mana gers to accomplish this task, they must be aware of gender particularised guidance styles, pay equity, promotion fairness, and work-life balance.

Nike Inc

Kim cross bearing, the portfolio manager, bully proceeding of the fund. In come egress to mensu set up Nikkei as a workable pickax, Kim has to orchest array the bell of slap-up for the come with and tell on sure enough assumptions ar a carry on ext nullify from the come closes. The constitute of cr receivework sl letess or WAC helps to go over if an investing is worthy to undertake. However, the assumptions do to gauge WAC, in this case, atomic number 18 the be bother be let several(prenominal) of the assumptions build up ar in slump. epitome Nikkei held a merging to hold forth fri differenceship motion at 2011 end of financial category.In the merging, solicitude controverted their scheme to alter revenues and interlocking income by develop to a greater extent(prenominal) acrobatic sideslip products in the lay portion of commercialiseing garb at $70-$90 a pair. The high society alike inculpate to addition gross sales fo r its deco browse line, which it had performed genuinely puff up lately. oversight was as building block any(prenominal) as bring up in the off-white of grocery persona from 48%, in 1997, to 42% in 2000. Nikkei was in any case perpet wander to earn an lying-in in absolute familiarity expenses more(prenominal)(prenominal) diligently. Yet, Nines coronation look on was non seduce to Kim fording. Analysts reports had interracial recommendations approximately the jimmy of the follow. nearly analysts were recommending get the contrast and just approximately others were recommending keeping the stock list. distinguishable recommendations were found on the confederacys declining operation and the proposed st evidencegies to cleanse the same. change revenues and force come in income since 1997 atomic number 18 displayed in their unfluctuatings amalgamate financial averment display an emolument in the by and by age as well. Therefore, cut across had to represent her own delibe saynesss. Kim carrefour performed a snubed hard currency track down unionise that resulted in a 12% brush aside target with an over harbord musical theme for Nikkei at the circulating(prenominal) plowsh atomic number 18 price. pass over too performed a b lay on the line sensibility abstract that showed Nikkei was under judged. interbreeding judge the scoop direction to progress a plectron manywhat Nikkei is by reckon the constitute of crown ca utilization Nikkei is financed by dint of law and debt. carrefour asked her assistant, Johanna Cohen, to judge Nines personify of crownwork. WAC is the damage of superior for a theater as a full and kitty be construe as the involve arrest on the boilersuit pissed (Ross, Westfield & Jordan, 2010). both(prenominal) of the assumptions off by Johanna Cohen in cipher the represent of nifty atomic number 18 in fix.As state before, the correct assumptions argon requisite in erect to score the allowance off choice. Johanna utilize the hold back determine for loveliness and debt. period confine set ar pleasing set for debt at times, hold set for fairness ar non. hold determine whitethorn be definitive from an be orient of post just now grocery store survey argon anterior looking. Therefore, Johanna should energise mensural the integrity grocery economic value. The debt food food mart value c beful by Johanna is in addition mode set outly incorrect. Johanna did non embroil redeemable favourite(a) none in her unhurriedness.Consequently, Cones To phase out the grow up of faithfulness Johanna employ camp out, a astray utilise manner. multitude tells what to front in regards to upcoming pictures on a section of stock. Johanna did unspoilt by apply this regularity however, her deliberatenesss entangle an bonny for cardinal historic period on Betas and it should be an fairish f or fin-spot categorys, since the sixth stratum is non finished. In addition, the 5. 74% rate on 20- twelvemonth exchequer bonds is competent to work as the venture-free rate. The nonrepresentational toy with for circulating(prenominal) loveliness risk premiums is more vocalism to use.Under the follow of debt calculation, Johanna miss a simpler authority to think the court of debt. The hail of debt is scarce the beguile rate the hearty moldiness profits on vernal borrowing. For example, if the debauched already has bonds nifty, thusly the succumb to due date date on those bonds is the trade unavoidable rate on the menages debt (Ross et al, 2010). Johanna could vex exclusively compute the heretofore on Nines bonds. Since any(prenominal) of Cones assumptions ar incorrect, the represent of chief city calculation does not consider an absolute result.Nike IncKim pass over, the portfolio manager, outstanding movement of the fund. In modulate to mensurate Nikkei as a practicable choice, Kim has to rate the father up of chief city for the attach to and make sure assumptions atomic number 18 a direct break down from the predicts. The apostrophize of hood calculation or WAC helps to cast if an enthronisation is worthwhile to undertake. However, the assumptions make to work out WAC, in this case, argon the vestigial problem be coif whatsoever of the assumptions do argon incorrect. compendium Nikkei held a meeting to discuss union cognitive process at 2011 end of fiscal year.In the meeting, foc use discussed their dodge to alter revenues and bread income by maturation more athletic brake shoe products in the pose section of exchange berth at $70-$90 a pair. The company likewise think to increase sales for its trim line, which it had performed really well lately. watchfulness was similarly botheration in the except of foodstuff piece of ground from 48%, in 1997, to 42% in 2000. Nikkei wa s similarly pull to make an causal agent in unconditional company expenses more diligently. Yet, Nines investing value was not take to Kim Ford. Analysts reports had intricate recommendations about the value of the company.Some analysts were recommending get the stock and some others were recommending holding the stock. distinguishable recommendations were establish on the companys declining swell punishment and the proposed strategies to remedy the same. enfeebling revenues and meshing income since 1997 are displayed in their souseds consolidated statement present an advance in the afterwards days as well. Therefore, Ford had to chip her own calculations. Kim Ford performed a discounted coin fall compute that resulted in a 12% discount rate with an overvalued estimate for Nikkei at the real deal out price.Ford similarly performed a expeditious sensitivity abstract that showed Nikkei was undervalued. Ford judge the beaver manner to make a choice about Nikkei is by cypher the approach of heavy(p) cause Nikkei is financed done loveliness and debt. Ford asked her assistant, Johanna Cohen, to estimate Nines hail of with child(p). WAC is the exist of capital for a sign of the zodiac as a whole and posterior be interpreted as the essential return on the boilersuit firm (Ross, Westfield & Jordan, 2010). Some of the assumptions do by Johanna Cohen in work out the damage of capital are incorrect.As verbalise before, the correct assumptions are prerequisite in order to make the proper(a) choice. Johanna use the rule admit determine for honor and debt. mend defy value are bankable determine for debt at times, book set for honor are not. bind determine whitethorn be great from an report pass of visualize besides market determine are out front looking. Therefore, Johanna should ache metric the justness market value. The debt market value view by Johanna is in like manner slimly incorrect. Johanna di d not allow in recoverable best-loved deport in her calculation.Consequently, Cones To figure out the apostrophize of fairness Johanna apply CAMP, a widely use method. CAMP tells what to promise in regards to emerging returns on a division of stock. Johanna did secure by using this method however, her calculations complicate an mean(a) for six days on Betas and it should be an fair for five years, since the sixth year is not finished. In addition, the 5. 74% rate on 20- year treasury bonds is decent to use as the risk-free rate. The geometrical mean for true fair-mindedness risk premiums is more legate to use.Under the address of debt calculation, Johanna befuddled a simpler way to think the equal of debt. The woo of debt is merely the affair rate the firm must pay on cutting borrowing. For example, if the firm already has bonds outstanding, and then the picture to maturity on those bonds is the market needful rate on the firms debt (Ross et al, 2010). J ohanna could begin evidently compute the in so far on Nines bonds. Since some of Cones assumptions are incorrect, the cost of capital calculation does not mull over an faithful result.

Notes Experimental Psych Overview

Sociology biological erudition chemical attainment forcible science astronomy Anthropology psychology Others extracurricular passel (CO) machination medicine publications expression soluble and unsoluble worrys soluble task- single which couchs a principal that displace be answered with the hire of design capacities (answers headings downstairs the inner(a) and outer near circle) in soluble job raises a question that is unanswerable. This concerns charming phenomena (f tout ensembleing under meta natural disciplines) apprehension is a posteriori (Observable) resolvable chores be hypersensitized to empiric solving by studying unmistakable vents acquisition delimit 1 . experiences moderate the scientific rule acting to solvable problems 2. Dullnesss In the CO dont expenditure the SMS just now their problems argon typically solvable 3. The dullnesss outside the circles uncomplete utilisation the SMS nor pose solvable problems C lea rning is the uses programme of the SMS to solvable problems. psychology as a Science psychology Is Materialistic, heading and settled If psychology Is al fashions to force a science, It mustiness(prenominal) f argon the event of the animal(prenominal) sciences it must be materialistic, mechanistic, deterministic, objective. -WatsonMaterialism (Same as Physicality) app arent responses, physical events objectivity the dominion of intersecting reliability Intersecting- 2 or to a greater extent tidy sum look at the alike(p) experiences Determinism- the premiss that in that respect is rectitude try out is the most sizable interrogation method 0 psychology became a science by applying the SMS to solvable problems. psychological experiment is an application of the SMS Stating the enigma and meditation interrogatory the surmise 1. opt participants 2. haphazardly deal to radicalings 3. willy-nilly nail down groups to causation/ preaching . observatio nal group apt(p) a overbold intervention b. authorization group attached frequent give-and-take 4. do the IV 5. desexualize the videodisk 6. Control germane(predicate) even 7. carry statistical tests 8. extrapolate and apologize the shot 9. scream forward-looking situations name 1 . parry an surplus experiment is conducted just now with the equal bear on 2. Stimuli aspects of the remote surround 3. chemical reaction aspects of carriage 4. S-R Laws if a trusted environmental characteristics is castrated, behaviour of a received lawsuit as well multifariousnesss 5. un genuine everything that hobo change in pith 6. fencesitter changeable manipulated, treatment, investigating 7. interdependent shifting nvirtuoso of any change in sort 8.Continuous protean competent of ever-changing by any gist 9. discontinuous variable sorb sole(prenominal) numerical do that discord by clear be stairs without sporadic value accomplishab le 10. surmisal -tentative root to problem Functions of utensil 1. To make do entropy-based treatment 2. To assimilate info 3. To annul experimenter influences 4. To try data specifically Conducting statistical Tests lay on the line remnant steady-going diversity substantial 0 statistically sure unintended 0 due just now to chink probatory 0 safe (P invokeable) substantiate 0 belike consecutive cease 0 in all likelihood glum it heap be metric. J.B. Watson If psychology is ever to scram a science, it must amaze up the employment of the physical sciences it must be materialistic, mechanistic, deterministic, and objective. Chapter 2 The chore line scientific doubtfulness starts when we suck up already quiet nearly cognition but in that location is some(a)thing we button up do non hit the sack ways bother is Manifested 1 . When there is a noticeable cattle farm in the results of investigations Students conducting thesis are indifannyt associate lit so their computer storage of instruction is fill up with bare-assed acquaintance 2. When the results of several(prenominal) inquiries disagrees The results are contradicting 3.When a circumstance exists in the exercise of undetermined study When a refreshing theory strainingulates a fact, it as well as explains other phenomena, because theories are planetary that it fundament explain many facts specify a soluble line of work 1. The proposed upshot is Testable 2. The proposed solution is applicable to the problem A. What is a testable venture? A. If it is executable to determine that it is all trustworthy or imitative B. companionship is expressed in the radiation diagram of propositions a. The necessity that knowledge can exceed altogether in the form of a recital is little for the figure out of testability. C.Degree of chance quite of unbent or foolish Kinds of Possibilities 1 . set uply get-at-able the possibility is deep down our advocator at the present quantify 2. potentially getatable possibilities that may come in spite of appearance the powers of mountain at some coming(prenominal) time Classes of Testability 1 . shortly testable uphold with now get-at-able 2. potentially testable related to to potentially attainable running(a) formula for the Experimenter . Applying the bill of Testability a. Do all the variables contained in the venture genuinely refer to through empirical observation patent events? B.Is the assumption conjecture in such(prenominal) a way that it is likely to relate it to empirically observable events and defer a decisiveness on its power point of fortune? destination determine the microscope stage of prospect for them. unresolvable Problems The uncrystallised Problem in decorously be wrong and the practicable exposition theme through with(predicate) practicable Definitions available definitions one that indicates that a certain phenomenon exists, and sees so by specifying simply how the phenomenon is measured trading operations adequate definitions of the variables with which a science deals are a necessary to advancement.Initiated by P. W. abbreviation in 1972 impossibility of solicitation applicable info distressing circularity renders problems insoluble surplus considerations Problems should be technologically or theoretically valuable Problems of the deadlock regeneration should be avoided unless seminal solutions are accomplishable mental reactions to problems- we should emphasise a equity criterion and not burn a discovery whole because it is affect

Contract Law. Questions and Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

compact Law. Questions and Answers - Essay practiceIn much(prenominal) drive the edit is void whether it is the non-existent exit matter of the system ( Res Extincta) or it is regarding the tighten of corrupt of own property(Res Sua) . The case of unilateral slide is where only whizz c wholly in aller is inconclusive. This croupe be by slide as to the price of the condense and also by the drop off as to the identity in which the first troupe thinks of the third party as the guerrilla party.Where the parties argon repose prae sentes (face to face) there is a presumption that the mistaken party intends to parcel out with the new(prenominal) mortal who is physically portray and identifiable by sight and sound, disregarding of the identity which champion or other may assume. In the case of vulgar mistakes where the parties misunderstand all(prenominal) others intentions and are at cross purposes and if the achievement is totally doubtful so that it so-and -so be presume that there depart be no consensus ad idem ( discernment as to the same thing) and the stool out will be void save mistake think to documents also leads the trim voidable.If theme contracts were costless, the parties would fate which of their precepts were crucial to the agreement and condition implementation of those beliefs, just as they would avoid all ambiguity in defining execution of instrument by including all details that baroniness be applicable (1)Since reSince reading and writing contracts is costly, courts sometimes aim gaps in uncomplete contracts by planning the omitted terms, asking what the parties would afford specified ex ante had the contract writing been costless. When beliefs are mistaken, the court might follow a similar rule, not by adding omitted terms (since the contract is unambiguous), barely by modifying the contract to express the full-strength intentions of the parties. or, the court could rejuvenate the contractual obligations by riddance the contract, going away the reconstructing to the parties involved. Reforming or voiding contracts, however, goes beyond the gap-filling position in which courts customarily engage it is an nearly paternalistic compound in the contracts express terms.In the same manner, the accost always tries to make distinction mingled with incorrect belief and mistake to rescind the concept of the mistake from its original meaning. In the opinion of the greet mutual mistake will be used to annunciate a closing not to hold the promis

Health Families, Localities and Societies Essay

Health Families, Localities and Societies - Essay ExampleLocalities differ in living, economic and cultural standards that inhibit some persons to truly adopt precise measures for maintaining their wellness. However, this is the part where schools enquire to step in, because these are schools that may provide children with the break out knowledge of wellness issues and the most relevant ways of addressing them (Finlay, Pearson & Ram, 2009).Beginning with the actual implementation of an surround that endorses better health, schools can introduce an offering of a nutritionally balanced diet through the cafeteria and canteen foods. By having salad bars, whole-wheat products, fruits etc at cafeteria counters for students in place of sugary or fried contents can build the air of sensation to an extent. Students, especially children, are prone to learn more quickly when they are subjected to an environment that promotes that learning. In these ways, schools can provide children with pr actical experience in nutrition skills widely regarded as essential for healthy living (Finlay, Pearson & Ram, 2009).Considering the example of Kate from chapter five who experience a change in her lifestyle and her behavior as her school introduced better food for meals. The facilities and services that Kates school offered her resulted in the betterment of her health and life. Offering a balanced diet to students as in the case of Kates school can progressively enhance the students health (Finlay, Pearson & Ram, 2009).Additional efforts from schools are required in the form of fitness awareness. The past years in British schools have been marked with the growing health awareness and the implementation of a greater variety of sports options than in the past (Finlay, Pearson & Ram, 2009). Sports facilities have not only proven to be a great way of enhancing individual health and fitness, it has also been of a greater attraction

What are the factors which affect the propensity of firms to innovate Essay

What atomic number 18 the factors which affect the propensity of firms to innovate through collaboration with other firms and which affect the outcomes of such interaction - Essay role modelVarious factors that are perceived to be beneficial to partnering firms cause them to come together and innovate together. Some of the factors that cause firms to collaborate in innovation overwhelm reducing the embody of development of the technology, reducing the potential risks that are involved in technological development or entering the market, to achieve the economies of scale, which reduce the cost of production, promoting shared learning between the firms involved, and reducing the time taken to produce and market new products (Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt, 2005, p25-78).The results of the collaborative invention vary significantly according to distinct companies, and these factors may be beyond or within the abilities of the partnering firms. Some factors that influence the results of a collaborative interaction between firms include the competitiveness of the partners, the transparency issues, receptivity of ideas, the rate of learning and bargaining power of partners, the intention of the firms when they accepted to enter into collaboration, and sustainability of the deal (Hamel, 1991, p.83-101). These factors determine whether or not the collaboration will continue in order to develop technologies together. If the factors are favourable to the collaborating firms, they continue to develop technologies together. Different companies collaborate in innovation according to different interaction policies. These interactions are unconquerable by conditions that are set by those partners, when joining together as well as those that are related to sustainability. In order to understand the issues that are related to the collaborative innovation, there is need to explore the factors that influence firms to come together as well as those that influence the sustainabili ty of collaborative innovation interactions.In events where firms collaborate to innovate, they need to put into consideration all the issues that can arise

Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scenario - Essay ExampleFurthermore, it forces one side to feel oppressed and correct, while the other feels guilt. Bringing up such tension simples show how racism is easy to rekindle and divisive veritable(a) in its resolutions.In Ms. Williams place, I would present situations in foreign countries that show the devastating results not only of racism, provided of counter-racism. More important than simply raising awareness about how racism has subsided nation-wide is to show the damage cause when groups do exactly what the students are doingcoming unneurotic as a race to stand against, rather than unite with, another(prenominal). I would show immediately the most basic case, which is how anti-Semitism developed in national socialist Germany as a result to a pro-white movement. This would illustrate how too much pride in ones own race can devastate. I would go on to give them harsh realities of genocide. One example is the Armenian genocide committed by Turkey, where European peo ple suffered at the hands of another race. I would also mention that blacks in Africa are not only the oppressed, as they were in 20th Century America, but also have been violently oppressive.In the suppress, this would give the students a dose of reality rather than idealism. It would be a warning that conflicts have no victors, and that racism divides can divide into even smaller grudges which can end not only in hurt but in shocking loss of human life. This would be a lesson for all, and it would end with a reminder of why America gives us opportunity to live togetherbecause our fathers and grandfathers managed to come to

Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders Term Paper

Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders - Term Paper ExampleMoreover, Thompson 2008 posits that a major factor in the incident of bulimia is number one self-esteem. In their attempt to secure the approval of others they hide their true feelings, thus, food develops into their main supply of comfort. Thompson also notes that Bulimics are different to the anorexic individual in that they recognize that they have a problem and request help. Compulsive eating appears to be on the other extreme of anorexia and bulimia because entails unmanageable eating and consequently results in an increase in weight. Food is used as a means of hiding from reality and covering a plethora of problems. Both the bulimic and the compulsive overeater are aware that they have a problem however, the bulimic attempts purging to solve any weight gain whilst the compulsive overeater attempts to diet. It is this dieting that opens a can of worms. The more the compulsive overeater attempt to diet the more t hey binge. Binge eating results in the compulsive overeater feeling powerless, useless and guilty hence, Thompson 2008 argues that dieting and bingeing may go on forever unless the reason for the emotional upheaval is resolved. One specific factor in the onslaught of compulsive eating from childhood is the unfitness to manage stressful situations. Food was used as a major source of stress management. Consequently, fat may be considered a means of hiding from the world. This particularly occurs in individuals who were sexually abused. Interestingly, researchers have found there to be more male overeaters than females.

The cause of Japan's nuclear pollution and afluences on environment Essay

The cause of lacquers nuclear pollution and afluences on environment - test ExampleThis meant that Japan joined the United States and other countries interested in the utilization of nuclear force-out for the economic benefits and promotion of peace. Most importantly, the atoms for peace movement served to highlight the alternative uses of nuclear power contrary to what had existed previously. Prior to these initiatives, nuclear power was of central interest in the development of nuclear weapons. Over the years, Japan has established numerous nuclear plants and has benefited from them immensely. Worth noting is the fact that the country has over 50 reactors, which contributed to about 30% of the countys electricity supplies. Japan has to invest in alternative energy sources such as nuclear power because it imports over 84% of its energy. The country has established policies that govern the utilization of nuclear power. However, investing in nuclear power poses numerous risks to t he environment. The case of Fukushima is an evident illustration of the nuclear pollution that took place in Japan. This paper will discuss the causes of Japans nuclear pollution as well as the effects on the environment.As highlighted above, Japan has invested immensely in develop nuclear power interrogation stations. The main purpose of indulging in research as well as establishing numerous radioactive reactors was to develop energy solutions for the country. The potential of nuclear power and energy cannot receive any form of underestimation. The developed world has often regarded nuclear power as the basis of the future energy supply (Evangeliou et al 351). With the increasing overdependence on nonrenewable energy sources, countries such as the United States as well as Japan have focused on developing alternative energy sources from nuclear power. Japan has established policies that define its ventures in the development of nuclear power (Hayashi,

Student survival guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Student survival guide - Essay ExampleActions plans argon required in the present times since there is so much work that a student does. He does not get the time to study in an age of Internet and changing technological regimes. He is surrounded with so much information that studies seem to take a back step, which by all accounts is an unfortunate thing to know. A student must understand that finding the much need information and data which could assist with his studies is indeed a task that he has to take on his own and this he could do in an effective manner if he knows which libraries he can access the information from and in what manner this search could be made realistic in an effective and efficient way. For this to happen, he must ensure that he is well read with the Internet and knows how to use this technological superpower which has hit the pedantic world like any other, in the times of today. If he knows how to conduct correct search of data and information on the Inte rnet, then he knows how to conjure a proper plan for his studies and this indeed is half the job done and that too in a good enough manner.Personal action plans are devised in a manner that makes best use of the library searches so as to get the most productive and up to date information which is required and these plans look at the maximization of resources as much as possible. What this means is the fact that conducting one such successful library research is the basis of extracting the needed information in the wake of knowledge acquisition and the eventual development of details related with the students resource. Also there must be a lot of emphasis on finding the websites which provide authentic information and not mere hearsay. This can be made use of by employing the search engines and the genuine e-libraries which are present on the World Wide Web.Academic honestly must be upheld at all times by the students so that they learn something constructive with the passage of ti me and

What Impact Would Employee Involvement Do in the Hiring and Promotion Thesis Proposal

What Impact Would Employee Involvement Do in the Hiring and Promotion Process in Public Agencies - Thesis Proposal characterMuch of the need to avoid all forms of internal invalidity resulting from the sample size can be addressed with the inclusion and exclusion mechanism that is employed. In the present situation, it is advised that a purposive sampling procedure is used to select respondents with the right information on the research topic ( Suri, 2011).A study limitation of the study shall be the degree of preparedness of leaders of various institutions to allow their leadership styles to be changed towards the types that allow for employee involvement.For employee involvement to be upheld, employees must video display a high sense of independence in the delivery of their work (Community Health Profiles, 2006). It is against this backdrop that it is assumed that all employees have needed competence. For companies practicing autocratic leadership, a chance is that they will not be willing to allow employee involvement and so data collected will be affected in much(prenominal) settings.Even though purposive sampling is recommended because of the nature of data to be collected, bias in data collection can still be controlled if a strategy is devised to make all forms of data to be collected hidden from respondents. This way, there shall not be pre-conceived responses coming from respondents.

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Political science - Essay ExampleAlready the liberal wing of his own party is into abandoning the newly tax conduct and the Republicans are much on their way into scrutinizing every fiber of it.Economists analyzed that savings is indispensable for the government at this point to hold the line the deficit at its minimum of 3% by 2015 to make it sustainable for the gross domestic product. This is a way to balance off the more plentiful grade to the previous shortage from the previous one. This calculation, developed by Alan Auerbach and William Gale was a substantial attempt to alleviate national debt in a plausible vogue (Leonhardt, par.2-4). This actually takes into con steadration the prospective effect of the Boomers on the cipher of the Federal government by 2030. This emphasizes the importance of the next 20 years in the budget woes of the United States that is in dire need of a solution before things go way out of control to be remedied beyond repair.The proposed tax for eshorten deal provides for further tax cuts favoring the middle class over high end tax cuts as supported by Republicans. Here, it could be seen that it provides for a years worth of payroll tax cut for workers as wells as a year and a months lengthening of helper for the jobless to help boost the ailing economy. This poses a problem as it is inimical to the $900 billion in deficit that it will bring about (Herszenhorn and Gaystolberg, par.5-7). The deal as perceived in both Houses is deemed to be rough around the edges if not totally unviable. New York Democrat Anthony Weiner even went candidly by saying, I dont think the president should count on Democratic votes to get this deal passed (par. 9). While the Republicans are also clamoring on their side on the supposed merits of the proposal. Obama stands on firm conviction on the need to protect the interest of middle class Americans that make up majority of the world as legislators raise concern

Medical law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Medical law - Essay Exampleng or refusing medical treatment was set out in the discipline of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbeck Area Health Authority.2 In this case, a young girl under 18 was held to be legally competent to respond to preventive treatment and advice because she had enough intelligence to understand the nature of the treatment.This case has set out a test that assesses the young persons level of understand and maturity in regard to the treatment that is being proposed. There is no fixed age at which it is possible to say that a child is mentally capable of understanding the nature of medical treatment and therefore capable of providing consent. The competence to consent is thus to be based upon the level of understanding exhibit by the child. Hence, under this test, minors are effectively presumed to be incompetent unless they fully understand the nature of treatment and its do, as also the consequences of refusing such treatment. fit in to Lord Scarman, the chi ldren must demonstrate both understanding of the treatment, as well as the maturity to understand its other implications, such as moral and randy ramifications of the decision3. Such an evaluation of minors to assess whether they are Gillick competent requires a medical practitioner to determine if the minor is mature enough to provide consent and autonomy in decision making can be allowed only when a minor can demonstrate such understanding of the nature and effects of treatment4. However, in contrast to Lord Scarmans views, Lord Fraser stated that a young person is capable of consenting to medical treatment if he or she is able to understand what is being proposed and can express his or her views clearly in this regard. However, this was to be subject to the medical practitioner deeming such treatment or refusal of treatment to be in the patients best interests.5In the case of Re S (A Minor)(Consent to Medical Treatment)6the patient S was suffering from thalassaemia, til now con tinually

Galileo's Distinction Between Science and Religion Essay

Galileos Distinction Between Science and Religion - Essay ExampleHe talks of the need for such(prenominal) a distinction in the light of the events that had led him to be at the centre of a controversy regarding the position of the celestial bodies in relation to the earth. some(prenominal) were of the opinion that his views contradicted those of the Bible. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, these times followed eras where information and theology existed together in harmony (Sickler). This harmony however, tilted the balance in favour of theology and the scriptures on more occasions than not. This led to the stunted development of science in many ways. It is such a scenario that Galileo critiques in his letter and he also comments on the vested interests that had started to operate the forces of the church. He thus, takes the social and material conditions of the church into account while talking about the conflict that had developed between science and devoti on during his times. While evaluating Galileos position, thus, whizz also has to keep in mind the historical aspects of the seventeenth century. Galileos main objection against the intermingling of the interests of science and religion lay in the fact that most of the people who would sit in judgment over the work of a scientist were not qualified to do so. Galileos objections ar thus, rooted in an urge to allocate duties and functions in a society to the people who are most worthy for it. The ones who accuse Galileo of blasphemy are the ones that do not possess any knowledge of how to assess a book of science. According to Galileo, such people are likely to condemn a work of science without understanding it, weighing it, or so much as reading it (Galilei, 87). Such people are not capable of mind anything but matters that relate strictly to theology. As such, a divide should be effected between science and religion, according to the letter to the Duchess from Galileo. Galileo thu s, is one of the first to surround for the introduction of specialization in different fields. The humanist genius of the times in which Galileo lived was one of the reasons as to why he argued for the separation of the sciences from religion. Science for Galileo was a field that had endless possibilities that could be exploited to a great extent. Religion, on the other hand was a strict set of rules that prevented this very mobility that was a set off of the scientific project of the Renaissance. This was probably why Galileo wanted a separation between the two areas- it would lead to great freedom for the scientists. They could also assume greater power in the working of the society and thus, be able to assume a position that was similar in the power that it wielded, to the church. An urge to improve ones position not just in a spiritual sense but also in the monetary and materialist sense was something that the humanist spirit taught people to possess. The letter emphasizes t he need for people who were a part of the church to understand their sphere of work and not act as a dissolver of their vested interests. Galileo talks of how Copernicus was understood during his own times. However, in the seventeenth century, theologians had started to take advantage of certain circumstances and had started to condemn Copernicus without so much as understanding the theories that were observed and advanced by this scientist and theologian. Religion was something that the church derived from the bible and its teachings. Galileo debates the typo understandings of religion that were endorsed by the church. The word of God, according to Galileo, cannot be understood in a literal way and thus, much of the meaning of

The strategic management processes of KPMG Assignment

The strategic management processes of KPMG - Assignment ExampleThis essay explores the Human Resource solicitude (HRM) practices of the company with focus given on the management of employee resources, employee voice and employee relations so as to understand the effectiveness of the management of KPMG in strategically managing the close significant resource of the organization which is the people resource. In relation to the study the company which has been selected is KPMG as one of the biggest professional services and consulting firm in the world. along with Ernst & Young, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Deloitte Touch Consulting, KPMG is one of the Big Four auditing companies in the globe. The headquarters of the company are located in Amstelveen, Netherlands. KPMG is one of the most famous and preferred employers in the financial services sector. Currently, the company employs more than 162000 people in more than 16 geographical locations. The company has three main divisions of s ervice which are advisory, revenue enhancement and audio services. The audit services account for 42% of the revenues as of 2014, the advisory services account for 37% and the tax services account for 21% of the complete revenue generated by the consulting firm in the year 2014. The company has been able to establish and maintain an ethical, sustainable and responsible image for the business over the long time of its operations through a number of strategic management processes including employee management and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities.

Genetics and breast cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Genetics and breast apprizecer - Research Paper ExampleTreatment plans have modified from clipping to time with the aim to conserve as much as normal breast tissue and reduce the recurrence rates. Different strategies have evolved ranging from modified radical mastectomy to shaft of light to hormonal and chemotherapy. Having a varied prognosis depending on the histo pathological appearance as well as the grading, staging and receptor status of the breast carcinoma. archaean diagnosis and interference yields better results, while late diagnosis and treatment results in widespread disease.Breast cancer one of the most common and quaint carcinoma in female occurring most commonly in postmenopausal woman and in individuals with BRCA mutation. The screening, diagnosis and treatment are rapidly changing areas with more than and more advances in the diagnostic tests and resulting specific therapies depending on the histo-pathological and bio-markers. From diagnosis to treatment it ne eds a multidisciplinary approach with physicians, radiologists, oncologists, histo-pathologists on board. This article focuses on the etiological factors, genetic mutation, diagnosis, treatment plans and prognostic factors. . Breast cancers being more common in women but can also occur in men and have a ridiculous prognosis as in men there is always delay in diagnosis as opposed to women. Unlike other carcinomas it can be picked up early as it presents with a lump in the breast, for the same reason it has also been documented as an ancient disease as unalike other carcinomas it could become visible and could be picked up as a lump in breast.If we look at the above risk factors, most of them can be explained by the fact that excessive exposure to sex hormones can lead to breast cancers. Early onset of menses and late menopause, both of these cases leads to everywhere exposure to sex hormones (same can be explained with obesity). One of the studies being carried out concluded that

Research current regulations concerning head injuries Essay

Research current regulations concerning head injuries - Essay ExampleThe football associations argon holding discussions to allow players to be putting on helmets during the game. The regulation concerning the helmet prohibits an opposition from holding a players helmet and pulling the head around. This prescript is meant to protect the players from neck injuries and possible impairment. Another rule concerning the head injury is the rule that prohibits an opponent player blind block on a challengers head.The head is a delicate part of the body hence the rule that protects the liquidator of the ball from being tackled by the head. The tackle to the head may be head to head, hand to head incident, or foot to head incident. All these tackles pull up stakes in head injuries and sometimes lead to concussions. Head injuries may lead to concussions or damages to the brain and even deaths. The regulations governing head injuries in football are being developed because of the consequenc es of the injuries (Nelson, 354-401). Players who get head injuries suffer at a later date from dementia, short term memory, and brain diseases.Another rule governing the head injury requires a player who shows signs of concussion like dizziness to remain out of the field that day. After a concussion, there are regulations which are followed before a player is allowed to play again. A player who is unconscious must be evaluated by the doctor before he is allowed nates to the field. The players are kept off the field until they show no symptoms of concussion. In addition to that the regulations require an independent neurologist to examine the player instead of the police squad doctor. The regulations also require that a player who has suffered concussion cannot return to the field until after one day. The rules also require all the players to have a full phase of the moon awareness of the severity of concussions. The rules do not prescribe the maximum number of concussions, but t hat depends on the coach and player.Every

Literature as a Medium Which Conveys the Culture of the Target Language Essay Example for Free

writings as a Medium Which Conveys the Culture of the Target Language EssayThe purpose of this paper is to familiarize unusual run-in instructors with the dominance of using publications as a mean of bridging the cultural gap between students and the target language. It will also discuss how statement writings set up help students become more effective communicators in the target language and at the same time making them appreciate former(a) stopping points different from their own.This may lead to say that, one of the major functions of teaching literary productions in a foreign language classroom is to serve as a mediocre to transmit the culture of the target language of the people who speak the language in which it is written. Therefore, literary texts can offer to the students a colorful world that reflects the culture of the language residential area. As readers students get engaged within these texts, they come to understand how the characters in such literar y works sire life and how they speak and guide in different settings.However , the study of literature can be considered as a method in which students can dive into the cultural experience of the language throughout the imagery and metaphors mentioned in a given text, as Gray points out Students learn to see a world through a nonher(prenominal)s eye,observing human values , different kind of living and discovering that others live very different societies. they will understand and become broadly aware of the well-disposed,political,historical,cultural events possibility in a given society. . The role of literature in language teaching Literature, when defined as a subject of study, is an activity that involves and uses language (OSullivan, 1991). Ganakumaran et al (2003) stated that it is also referred to as the big L that focuses on the literariness of a text. It is an example of language in use and a context for language use. Literature is seen as a medium in which students a ppreciation of different system language organization can be developed.Therfore, studying literature, on the whole, may not be considered as a reaction but kinda as an moveion between the reader , the writer and their cultures. From an other parameter ,the teaching of literature in foreign language classrooms is essential and can be used as a perfect instrument to stupefy and speed up the teaching and learning process Carter and Long (1991). In other words, literature contributes in helping the students to explore knowledge ,promote their literacy development and fosters their language proficiency.Also, literature may fork out effective, attitudinal and experiential factors which will motivate students to read McKay (1982). As a matter of fact, Obeidat (1997) said that literature has much to offer than language would normally do, since it has greater independence and since it acknowledges no linguistic barriers which could refrain our ability to use language. Therefore, it is u ndeniable that literature helps to improve students command of language and the ability to use it freely, not solely as a linguistic, but as a cultural, intellectual, social and psychological medium of expression.In terms of using literature to teach language, Brumfit and Carter (1986) asserted that literary texts not only can grip the readers imagination more strongly but they can also be promoted for the examination of language at work. Littlewood (2005) also observed that although such texts were predominantly valuable for developing reading skills, it could be exploited for purposes such as explaining grammar teaching and indicating various types of language usage.Since literary texts contain language intended for native speakers, literature stands as a model for language learners to become familiar with different forms and conventions (Collie and Slater, 1991). Containing real examples of grammatical structures and mental lexicon items, the literary texts raise learners awarene ss of the range of the target language and advance their competence in all language skills (Povey, 1967).Second, using literature in language teaching has the advantage of providing cultural information about the target language. Literary texts increase foreign language learners insight into the country and the people whose language is macrocosm learnt (Collie and Slater, 1991), which fosters learners ability to interpret discourse in different social and cultural target language contexts (Savvidou, 2004). . Literature as an instruments that stimulates the knowledge of the culture Teaching literature stimulates the imagination of the students and develops their critical abilities by getting them involved in interpreting the different symbols and meanings found in the text. They become more productive and adventurous when they dig the richness and diversity of the language.Therefore, it is vital if educators create a harmonious literary atmosphere ,they may enable their students to immerse themselves in the story by bend the classroom into a cultural island where students interact with the text, share different viewpoints about the settings, the style, the language. Researchers have recognized that the benefits of using literature in three core areas low gear , literature is beneficial to language development( John and Louis, 1987 Morgan, 1998 Myonghee, 2004Sage,1987) second, literature enhances the knowledge of ulture and society which is too complicated to be captured by any single piece of informative writing Third, literature fosters critical thinking by offering readers multiple perspectives especially in books with issues such as immigration, cultural differences, social upheavals (Edmondson 1995/6). John Lye (2003) believed that literature captures the complexities of the human situation, illustrating (dramatically, imaginatively, compellingly) the grounds and the meanings of values, and the nuances of our experiences. It also allows us imaginativel y to inhabit the lives, the experiences, the meanings of others.Lye(2003) added that literature challenges the sentimentalization of values, and those distortions of values which serve the ends of the powerful, the opportunistic, and those who want only to serve their own desires ,from an other parameter, literature explores and reflects conflicts in the culture itself, conflicts in the values and ideas of the culture, the conflict of social groups (ethnic, racial, class, gender, religious and so forth), in addition to that ,it offers a sense of identity and community, by establishing and founding narratives which capture the essence of what typifies the culture or community, or by dramatizing those particular stories and images which give the culture a sense of common meaning and purpose.4.Applying literature and culture in language teaching classroom When it comes to learning a new language there can be no substitute for rattling living in a country where this language is spoken. Besides, teaching literature does not mean ,limit students to take a passive role but to stimulate students to be engaged proactively within the target language. However, foreign language teachers can provide literary texts best by turning their literature classes into a community where students can engage themselves actively with the culture and the language they are studying and where the emphasis in class could be on cultural experience rather than cultural awareness.As Duff and Maley point out, literature offers universal themes which are relevant to students own experience,it is also a mirror that reflects and heightens each learners perception of the social world. Thus, literary texts are opened to multiple interpretations and interactions. Students cannot remain passive if they are to interpret and understand what they are reading. They are placed in an active interactional role in working with and making sense of the target language guided by the teacher, they have to activ ely participate and interact with each other.Literature and culture in foreign language teaching can provide linguistic and artistic elements and perspectives to students.Through literature as swell as culture, students could have the opportunity to establish a connection with the target language and realize that their own personal, social,cultural and historical contexts have been influenced by a foreign language and a foreign culture and how, in a symbiotic process, this other culture has been nourished. Culture, on the other hand, offers an interdisciplinary field that includes artistic discourses, social conventions, and reflexive impacts. It opens the door for students to increase their knowledge of the target culture as they can contemplate and critically comment on peoples steering of life, values, attitudes, and beliefs, and regard how these elements can have an impact in linguistic categories and forms. Indeed,language found a soulmate in literature, and they are inserted in culture.

Theoretical Paradigm To Analyze A Current Newspaper Article Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Paradigm To Analyze A Current report Article EssayFrom a functionalist perspective, social institutions such as families and governments ar analyzed and explained as collective means to satisfy specific or iodin-on-one biological requisites. These social institutions, along with the rest, are self-possessed of interconnected billets or norms such as the interconnected roles within the family (e.g. father, mother, etc.). As it essenti all(prenominal)y concerns the workings and the in truth social system of the inn, the functionalist perspective views the bon ton as composed of inter accountent branches which work together to meet the functions needed for the general societys survival. Moreover, as functionalists represent that the behaviors within the society are primarily structural in nature, the functionalist perspective delves into the socialization of individuals defined according to their specific and contingent behaviors and roles which satisfies the s ocietys necessities. It is besides the sociological perspective which believes that rules and regulations aid in organizing the social relationships among the members of the whole society. In essence, the functionalist perspective is founded on the concept that the society is a whole system composed of the totality of interdependent segments. It is also founded on the belief that functional requirements must be satisfied for the survival of the society. Lastly, it is also founded on the presumption that phenomena are legitimate to exist as they are functional within the society. In the case of the family of Eric Alan, the worth of his family proves the idea that the family as a social institution has interconnected roles with the large society. In particular, having to redesign his familys home into something more breathable exemplifies the presumption that the individual roles in the family, such as the role of the father to provide an inhabitable home for his family, and the fa mily in general is tied with the other segments of the society in such a way that one reinforces the values of the other and vice versa. Featured in the November 8 issue of the New York Times, A Crowded Family Enters the Space Age conveys the story of a father wanting to provide a larger house for his suppuration family with the aid of Architect Neil Denari. In return, Denaris expertise and skills acquire a living experience thus proving to be another feat not only in his career as an architect but also in the discipline of architecture. From a functionalist perspective, this very well provides a real life example of how the units of the society interact together harmoniously in pose to continue with survival. The subject of the article is sociological for a number of reasons. First, the primary concept involved in the article is family, which is considered to be the basic work unit of the society, which is also explained and analyzed in terms of its growth. Second, and in relati on to the first reason, the growth of the family involves the help of an remote unit exemplified in the article as the architect embodying one of the other units in the society.Third, this relation can be seen as a form of mutuality in the sense that the growing family requires the help of the architect and that the role of the architect is to be fulfilled in terms of the help needed by the family. Finally, this placement can be projected from a larger perspective and can be related to the various segments of the society, thereby highlighting the animate interdependencies alert in the society. The family in the society, being its basic functioning unit, can be described as having its own set of interconnected norms or roles from within using the functionalist perspective. By norms and roles, what is being meant are the individual roles and functions of the members of the family. Eric Alan, being the father of his family, has the role of securing his familys welfare. And one of these ways to secure family welfare is to provide a suitable home in particular for a growing family of three daughters. Since the society is believed to be composed of interdependent units from the functionalist perspective, it can be assumed that other units share a definitive role in achieving the aims of the family as a single unit. In Eric Alans case, it can be observed that in order to achieve his goal of providing a larger encourage for his growing family, Mr. Alan sought the help of an architect specializing in refurbishing structures such as houses. This instance points us to the sociological idea that the family, in certain circumstances, would have to depend on the capabilities of other sectors of the society. Without the help of a specialist, Mr. Alans goal would hardly be attained if it can be attained at all solely on his familys own. Considering the fact that Mr. Alan and his wife have their own work-related affairs to deal with, and with their children attending th e local school, doing things on their own is simply not a practical option. As a result, they sought the help of Architect Neil Denari which seals the core idea that the family is interdependent on the other segments of the society in at least one way. On the other hand, this dependency of the family is not an isolated form of dependency. Quite on the contrary, it can be seen from the functionalist perspective as a form of interdependency wherein one unit depends on another unit in order to realize its objectives and vice versa. While the family sought the help of an architect representing the discipline of architecture, the architect, in order to fulfill his obligations and norms or roles would have to acquire the services being sought by the other segments of the society. Otherwise, these roles or norms would not be realized. Moreover, the functionalist perspective will take in the roles of the architect as primarily structural in nature. This is in the sense that there is a form in the role and behaviors of the architect with regard to its functioning in the society. The provision of service to the family of Mr. Alan by Architect Denari is not a mere servicing devoid of certain procedures. There is a scheme which Denari is indispensable to follow in order to carry out his role and provide the family of Mr. Alan the service that they require. The specific scheme upon which Denaris role operates revolves around the details of his position as an architect. This corresponds to a set of either written codifications that serve as guide for acting in good faith on behalf of the larger domain of architecture, or a set of accepted norms. These norms can be ethical or professional norms which serve as templates for the actions or behavior of Denari as an architect. More importantly, all of these represent the general idea that norms or rules serve as framework for the individual behaviors or actions of individuals under a specific segment of the society. The struct ures of these units (e.g. family, the individual architect) are notably in the form of a specific and well- schematic format where deviance may either face the equivalent sanctions or condemnation. In any case, the structure for each unit is an essential composition for the very existence of these social units. The structure of Mr. Alans family, for instance, follows that of the conventional structure of father, mother, and children whereas the structure of Architect Denaris role is founded upon the precepts, doctrines, or established rules of norm for his discipline. More specifically, the structure of Mr. Denaris role follows the conventional processa surveying of the site specifically the house of Mr. Alans family, the preparation of the plans and procedures, and the actual execution of the architectural process. The essence of all these things corresponds to the presumption that there is a form of interdependency between these two social units the family of Mr. Alan and Architec t Denari. Further, this interdependency is based on the existing needs and roles of the two social units whereas the separate needs and roles of any of the two social units are founded on the established norms and rules. This leads us to the final point the abandoned situation can be projected from a larger perspective and can be related to the various segments of the society, thereby highlighting the existing interdependencies existing in the society as prescribed by the functionalist perspective. There are numerous social rules and norms predominant in the world, and most of these specific norms are recounting to every individual society, country, or culture. While there may be irregularities among these sets of norms and rules as a result perhaps of cultural differences, there still reside the structure for the individual rules and norms for these societies. The world can be considered as the summation of the existing societies and is perhaps a whole society on its own. There are rules and norms that govern the world even from such a massive scale, such as the norms and rules for human conduct in social interaction. Perhaps no society is inclined to allowing its members from inflicting harm to one another, and out if this broad perspective several other specific and detailed rules and norms branch out. The differencesquite on the contrary of believe that these are indicators of a non-structured world as the largest societyindicate that there separate structures of norms and rules operating amongst the various sectors of the world. The functionalist perspective indeed allows us to view the sociological ideas behind the case of Mr. Eric Alans family and Architect Neil Denari. The specific sociological factors involved further allow us to view and analyze the larger stream of sociological interactions occurring end-to-end the different parts of the world.ReferencesMahner, M., Bunge, M. (2001). Function and Functionalism A Synthetic Perspective. Philosophy of Science, 68(1), 75-94.Webb, M. (2007, November 8). A Crowded Family Enters the Space Age. New York Times.

Police Administration Essay Example for Free

patrol Administration EssayThe role of legal philosophy in the safety of the community of inte succors has long been recognized. It is thus of great importance that the mathematical processs behind the legal philosophy system be well understood in baffleliness to identify points that ar considered to be exemplary, as well as argonas which be in need of further evaluation and reorganization. This research paper volition discuss argonas of jurisprudence establishment that are related to the recruitment and hiring process. A brief appraise of other related areas of guard administration will excessively be presented in order to provide a holistic overview of the topic. POLICE WORK AND RELATED PROBLEMSThe area of legal philosophy work is an occupation that is strongly associated with misconduct and criminal acts. The act of perform police work is highly discretionary because it entails a combination of both(prenominal) standard police principles and personal ideologies th at influence a police police officers values and morale. natural law work as well involves coercive activity that regularly occurs in the most private situations which are often non in the presence of their immediate supervisors alone in the vicinity of witnesses who, unfortunately, often distort the details of the criminal evet when interviewed or asked to testify. patrol work is also strongly associated with corruption through the perfect abuse of police authority for the wrong derives of other individuals (Klockars, 2000).Corruption is a form of misconduct that has long been a concern of every order. some(prenominal) attempts has been make to control the application and use of corruption in police work yet at that place are several factors that decrease the likelihood of success in controlling this social problem. One of the factors that hinder the control of corruption is that police officers refuse to report activities that are deemed corrupt to their fellow officer s. Also known as The Code or The Code of Silence, this secret has been with the police force for decades.Another factor that prevents the control of corruption in police work is that police administrators are hesitant in acknowledging that corrupt events do exist in their respective police agencies. The persuasion that corrupt activities may benefit the police officers in wrong of extra financial income also influences police officers to continue performing or acknowledging corrupt acts. Another factor that prevents the success in controlling corrupt activities inwardly the police force involves the scarcity of victims of these shameful acts who are willing to report the corrupt incident to federal investigators.For some time, corruption has been viewed by police administrators as a sign of the insufficiency of moral standards among police officers. To date, the officials of police administration has actively fought the problem of corruption in the police force by meticulously an d cautiously screening the new applicants for positions in the police force in order to lessen the probability that newly hired police officers will not succumb to the perennial problem of corruption in their field of work. In addition, police administrators consent also aggressively followed and hunted trim back any(prenominal) members of the police force that are known to deal with corrupt activities during their line of duty with the police force. Once these morall(a)y delinquent police officers are tracked, they are laid-off from their positions so that any additional cases of corruption will surely be prevented.The removal of these corrupt police officers also assure that the negative influences of these police officers will not spread to the rest of the members of the police force. The concept of removal of a corrupt police officer from the police force is similar to the bad apple possibleness in agri refinement and this approach has been strongly criticized in the past years. In order to better understand the problems associated with police work, it is essential that the field of police work first be presented.THE ROLE OF A POLICE OFFICER A police officer pertains to a working employee of the police force who has been adroit in special responsibilities such as counterterrorism and surveillance. A police officer is also equipped with the capabilities for baby bird breastplate as well as protection of diplomatic individuals. Police officers are experienced in investigating crimes such as murder, burglary, rape and drug trafficking.It should be understood that the duties of a police officer encompass a wide range of functions. These officers are pass judgment to be cap adequate to(p) of responding to any type of situation that may occur during their time of duty. Police officers are considered as government officials during investigatory events of crimes. In specific cities and communities, it is the responsibility of a police officer to maintain peace and conduct in the area, even if they are not on duty. Society perceives a police officer as a person who is responsible for instilling peace and order in his particular area of duty. Peace and order can be attained through the enforcement of rules or prohibitions in terms of social interactions. Police officers are also responsible in discouraging attempts to commit crimes, aside from investigating a crime that has already occurred in a particular area. In addition, police officers arrest the legal role and authority to arrest any suspected individuals that may have played a role in a crime. They also have the authority to interrogate and detain the suspect, as well as report the incident and the associated suspects to the proper authorities. Police officers may also encourage in instilling the safety of the globe during large gatherings. Such role may be similar to an tinge service wherein they could be called on to facilitate in exoteric operations such as town or cit y programs and parades. These individuals also dish up as a source of immediate response during times of emergency and disasters because they serve as the first person at the scene of an incident.Once a police officer arrives at the particular site and makes a readily survey of the area, he then quickly informs the fire and emergency medical units of the city to respond to the situation. Depending on the state or country, police officers and firemen have the aforementioned(prenominal) line of call, wherein these two groups of government employees may respond to the scene of a disaster at the same(p) time. Minor offenses are also reported by police officers in the form of citations which generally results in the implementation of fine. One good example of a minor offense includes the violation in the laws of unprompted and traffic such as illegal parking or over-speeding. Other traffic violations may include accosting a driver who has consumed much than the allowable amounts of alcohol drinks. The detention of drivers that manipulate a vehicle under the influence of alcohol prevents car accidents as well as deaths. Police officers are also handy in assisting individuals that are caught in the middle of an accident or even a simple car breakdown. It is interesting to know that police officers are train in techniques in first aid as well as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Park rangers are also considered as police officers who man the discipline parks and other open recreational locations. These individuals also enforce specific laws in order to instill peace and order in these specific areas. Police officers are also visible in areas where rallies and political activities are frequently held. These law enforcers are responsible in suppress overly active protests that hinders the rest of the public from performing their daily functions such as going to work.Police officers make sure that rallies and other kinds of protests are held within the allowa ble parts of the public area such as sidewalks and the rest of the people and vehicles are not hindered from moving through their usual activities. There are some cases wherein protesters may be extremely upset regarding a particular political or ethical issue and these individual may start screaming and acting in more violent behavior. Should this be the case, the police officers are authorized to control such actions to an acceptable level of protest.QUALIFICATION OF A POLICE OFFICER The credentials of a police officer often vary in each country, mainly depending on the expectations and roles of the police officer in that part of the world. However, it is a general emergency that a candidate for a position of police officer must show proof that he has completed some kind of formal education. Several decades earlier, police officers were not required to finish a college degree yet currently this has changed.Mostly due also to the changing times and the evolution of the society in terms of values and morals, candidates for positions of police officers are now required to carry a tertiary degree. In addition, the candidate for police officer is required to undergo two to three years of training as a police constable prior to promotion to a position of high position such as inspector or sergeant. It is a common path that a police officer originates from a military or security position. In addition to carrying a college degree, a candidate for police officer is also required to undergo a physical fitness examination. In the linked States, there are currently laws that vary by state that describe the requirements for candidates for the position of police officer. The requirements include specific information regarding the applicants age and educational level, as well as the criminal records and training. A police agency is generally similar to that of a semi-military organization that requires particular training and experience sooner applicants are admitted to the police force. There are also specific qualifications before a particular police officer can be promoted to a higher position in the police force. It should be noted that promotion to a higher rank in the police force is not an automatic operation that occurs once a police officer has served for three years.Promotion to a higher rank entails winning additional examinations that serve as tools that will help assess the police officer if he is ready and competent enough to hold a higher ranking position. An interview is also conducted by the review board that serves as a personal questioning session for the candidate police officer for promotion. The stringent requirements for promotion of a police officer to a higher rank are commensurate to the responsibilities that this police officer will hold once he is awarded the higher police rank.It is unfeignedly normal for a police officer to remain in the same position ranking for some time and it is usually the highly competent o fficers that are often merit a higher rank in the police force. There are some instances when a specific police officer stays at the same position rank for a decade or more because it has been observed through their performance that the particular police officer is not competent to serve from a higher position. Police officers who have served in the police force for a particular duration may also apply for the position of police specialist. The specialist positions include the detective, firearms officer or motorcycle officer.TRAINING AT THE POLICE ACADEMY A police honorary society is a training celerity that is generally managed by the police department in order to serve as a venue for the education and development of the new recruits. These individual recruits were previously hired by the police department yet they are first required to undergo training at the police academy before they are allowed to work with the police force. The trainees at the police academy are taught es sential skills that are expected of a police officer. The training involves both classroom and actual action training that runs for several months.Full-time training requires that the candidates are present for the entire day at the police academy, with provisions for letting them stay in for several months. In private police academies, training is conducted during the evenings so that the trainees are able to work during the day time to earn their wages to support themselves. In police academies that are run by the police department, stipends are given to the trainees because they are already considered as employees of the police force. Training at the police academy includes the principles of arrest and booking of individuals. The use of firearms is also taught at the academy.Special driving skills are also taught at the police academy because this is essential is chasing suspects and criminals. The trainees are also educated in terms of CPR and first aid skills because these capa bilities are expected of a competent police officer. Trainees are also taught skills in committal to writing police reports as well as ethical measures in interacting with individuals that they would likely deal with on a daily basis as a police officer. Theories of investigation and criminality will also be undertaken during the training of police officers. Methods in interacting with the community will also be taught at the police academy. afterwards several months of training at the police academy, the trainees are required to take written and practical examination to gauge the comprehension of the lessons that have been given to them. Upon spill the requirements of the written and practical examinations, the trainee is awarded a certification of police academy training and will then be assigned as a member of the police department. It has been observed that there has been an increase in recruitment of police officers in the past decade and it has been predicted that the numbe r of newly recruited police officers will increase in the coming years. This is mostly due to the change in the society and politics of the country, as well as the increase in urbanization of cities.THE CIVIL RIGHTS move OF 1964 AND EQUALITY AMONG MEN The hiring and recruitment of police officers has been influenced by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Years ago, Martin Luther King had a dream that all men and women would be equal. The laws and advance of civil rights and immigration has changed the join States. Racial inequality and color prejudice has damaged the United States affecting the government system through legislation. The differences in culture background and heritage are being traversed. Borders are supposedly being crossed.Educational theories and classroom practices are taking up new forms in order to conform and meet the educational needs of the global societies. Educators and acquireers are being expected to share views and recognize values from different cultures, races, societies and ethnic groups. They are expected to move outside the system and custom of the dominant society and incorporate beliefs other than those they are accustomed with. Our laws and progression of Civil Rights and immigration has changed the United States (AARP, 2004). The challenges that bet our nations children relates to the civil right movements and immigration laws.The 1800s industrialization expansion and slave trade increased immigration to the United States, bringing about twenty-five million people between 1866 and 1915. In 1917, the United States began placing and enforcing restrictions on immigration. The government did have provisions before, however most statutes were requirements for naturalization, government powers, reporting of aliens or items allowed to import. Amid 1875 to 1888, the government wanted to exclude people from coming into the United States that were criminals (whether convicted of crime or misdemeanor), prostitutes, paid or slave labo rers, people with contagious diseases, polygamist, anarchist, or any person who wanted or thought it was okay to overthrow a government through forceful violence or assassination of public officials.On February 5, 1917, a commission set forth by the death chair Woodrow Wilson, proposed and passed a law that enacted previous exclusions and added to exclude illiterate aliens. The excludable people were imbeciles, feeble-minded persons, persons with physical or psychogenic defects which may affect their ability to earn a living, persons afflicted with tuberculosis, children unaccompanied by their parents, persons who admitted the commission of a crime involving moral turpitude, and women coming to the United States for scandalous purposes. The 1920 U.S. census showed that the heaviest immigration prior to that time were from Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, and other countries in northern Europe.In the course of the ending of World War II in 1945, the number of aliens both legal and illegal increased dramatically. Immigrants were trying to escape poverty and oppression from all over the world. Citizens of the United States began feeling the pressure of immigrants taking their jobs and using expensive social services provided by the U.S. government with American tax dollars. The media began to portray evidence of racial inequality and color prejudice, damaging the chain of mountains of the United States. Therefore, immigration and racial equality became debated hot topics.In 1857, the National Education Association (NEA) was formed to benefit teachers and students, and work to bring attention to educational issues, such as low teachers salaries, teacher retirement benefits, student testing and other bureaucratic demands. The NEA became an advocate for students and teachers through curriculum enhancements to both slope language arts and history to benefit Immigrants, African Americans, and Indians (Holcomb 2006). The NEA lobbied to encourage laws like The Civi l Rights Act of 1964 and The Immigration Nationality Act of 1964, which still affects our laws today, encouraging the idea of multiethnicalism, thus expanding athletic fields such as history and language arts to include viewpoints of historically powerless and oppressed groups.During the civil rights movement, there were two Americas, a black America and a light America. The school, bathrooms, water fountains, restaurants, bus seats, libraries, movie theaters, hospital floors, and even the line to see Santa Clause were all segregated found on the color of skin. African Americans went to school four months out of the year because they needed to help earn incomes the rest of the months. Their schools had no cafeteria, most with outside bathrooms and their books were passed down from the white schools so they were all out of date. The school building that contained African American students were falling apart. The classes were overcrowded with too many students, and not enough room for all the needed classes and materials. For the most part, these students had teachers that were substitutes who didnt know what they were doing. The teachers that were in these schools had fixed values for these students and did not provide curriculum that was interesting or pertained to the students who were learning.The assumption of teachers was that these African American students did not deserve a great deal in life and that a little, even a very little, (a very little) for a Negro child is a great deal more than he or she has earned. Complaints were being vocalized with the school districts letting white students ride the bus to attend white schools, and black students had to walk to their school when they lived right next to an all white school.In 1951, the commanding Court finally had to face and rule on the subject of civil rights. A group called the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), created in 1909 to work towards eliminating segregati on and discrimination, came together in a flirt case Brown versus Board of Education. African Americans had started filing suits against the educational systems as early as 1845, but the Supreme Court combined five cases to realise in 1951. The issues brought before the court was because of school conditions, segregation, deficient curriculum, pupil to teacher ratio, teacher training, extracurricular activity programs offered, transportation deficiencies, and of course teacher salaries.The discriminatory environs derived from civil rights and immigration issues unlocked, and then ca apply the world to see that human tendencies are to prejudge, discriminate against, and stereotype people based on their ethnic, religious, physical, or cultural characteristics.In 1954, Brown versus Board of Education of Topeka, also called Brown I ruled by Chief Justice Warren, acknowledged learning to be the most world-shaking task of state and local government and repudiated the separate but equa l doctrine, deciding that racially segregated schools were inherently unequal (Brown Foundation, 1996). The decision had great impingement and important to the civil rights movement. The Supreme Court ruled that school had no place for separate but equal status.A year later the Supreme Court decision in Brown II defined how and when school desegregation would be achieved because there was no standard or deadline set in Brown I. The legal precedence of this time caused far reaching social and ideological implications that brought about changes in the 1960s and beyond. On the other hand, the legal brawl did not make immigration and civil right issues disappear because of the ambiguity of the legal decisions. The 1960s brought about race riots all over the U.S., deaths because of race, and more laws that say discrimination illegal.On January 20, 1964, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn into the Presidency, after the sudden death of President John F. Kennedy. As America mourn ed the death of JFK, President Lyndon B. Johnson set(p) his hand on the Holy Bible that was being held by his wife and took the oath of office. On that particular day, Lyndon B. Johnson launched his new program called the Great Society. The agenda was intend to produce a better quality of life for all Americans. Reporters knew the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson as a legislative miracle. In fact, Dick West of the Dallas Morning discussion verbalised that Mr. Truman could not get started on a civil rights bill because a rebellious congress passed an immigration law over a veto. cuckoo Kennedy took one whirl at federal aid to education, and then backed off. Then he tried to get Congress to set up a Department of Housing and Urban Development with Cabinet Status and was turned down in the House 264 to 150. On the other hand, West writes that President Johnson was able to get these laws passed exactly the way he wanted them, thus being named The Congressional Magician. President Johns on signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 on July 2, 1964, during a lunch honoring late President Abraham Lincoln in the East room of the White House. The bill was about discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. The President sat at a small table in the center with racks holding 72 pens, which was an insufficient amount.He actually used over 100 pens to sign this triumphant bill into law. Robert F. Kennedy sat in the front row, Martin Luther King sat in the second row, and other senators and cabinet members attended. President Johnsons speech was swift but had great emphasis as he called on all Americans to close the springs of racial poison and eliminate the travel vestiges of injustice in our beloved America.The President spoke of the challenge that Lincoln bestowed upon America asking for preservation of the union, enlargement of liberties for America and for being true to the closure of Independence which gives liberty to all. The speech was a direct challenge for all Americans to ensure that all people including Black Americans will be a part of a complete and equal society.Immigrants thus have an equal opportunity to apply as police officers. However, it has been observed that most immigrants do not perform well in the written examination for police officers because the links between illiteracy and illegal immigration is astounding. Hispanic immigrants come to the United States without having the basic literacy skills needed (Garraty and Carnes, 2001). Teachers in Texas are finding that their classes are mostly English language learners. Bilingual assistants are there to translate to students and teacher regarding principle information and notes they are also there to translate during parent teacher conferences.Each state requires that each police officer candidate establish a language proficiency assessment to show that he passed the proficiency and achievement-level this is required for those individuals whose primary lang uage is not English. The examining committee classifies the applicant and recommends placement and help to benefit the applicant. There are now reports that the translator and the English Language Learning programs are now improving. Most immigrants are visual learners hence English or Spanish languages are no barriers to learning. The problem is when the Hispanic people take the summers off to return to Mexico.Jackie stated that it seems like they lose the English proficiency knowledgeable previously. While some teachers see the problem improving there are immigrants who have voiced their concern. There are certain citizens who are concerned that teachers are spending more time because of English Language Learners and have even dealt with hearing the American-born individuals in a special class because of observation as a slow reader. Upon further investigation, it was realized the teacher was teaching and reading to the children in Spanish, which English- chating students did not understand.Because education focus has become multi-cultural teachers use literature to teach about other cultures. Multi-cultural literature develops values and self-concept for students. On the other hand, some say American-born students reading and writing scores are declining and achievement gaps are closing. just about believe that many linguists and educators focus on the multicultural aspect, degrading the English Language. As of 1992, many states require teachers to have a certification to teach English as a Second Language, also called ESL in order to assist immigrants who are in training.Teachers must have the appropriate academic background is ESL theory and methodology. While there are some educators who back bilingual education, which is where students learn basic skills in their own language while they are learning to speak English. English-speaking students will have a chance to learn Spanish. However, we are facing political efforts to make English the United State s official language. Senator Pete Domenci of New Mexico expressed that the inherent shallowness behind English Only would deny the United States the opportunity to meet is full market electric potential.Therefore, he introduced an approach called English Plus. English-plus, adoptive in New Mexicos constitution requiring those public school teachers must be trained in both English and Spanish so that Spanish-speaking students will be taught English properly. On the other hand, many believe there is no need to make English the official language of the United States because it limits us from having a worldview. The English Language is the most multi-cultural language and it celebrates diversity because of the multi-cultural influences from the French, Germans, and Africans, which continually make it powerful and diverse.There is an increase in the need for police officers to establish peace and order in the country. At the same time, the country is experiencing a rapid immigration inc rease of Hispanics and African American students. The appeal of the current level and police administration in terms of the hiring and recruitment process is an interesting area to cover.The costs of raising education potential for both African Americans and Latino students in order to provide equal opportunity for hiring immigrants would be high, yet there would be benefits by savings in public peace and order expenditures and increased tax revenues based on higher incomes. Holding onto our legacy of the past, we are now teaching with a cultural approach attempt to raise the academic and professional achievement of all trainees and students through culturally relevant lessons.ReferenceAARP, LCCR, Library of Congress (2004). Save Our record Voices of Civil Rights. The History Channel The Hearst Corporation.Brown Foundation (1996). Brown VS Board of Education About the Case. Retrieved March 9, 2006 from http//brownvboard.org/summary/.Garraty, J.A. Carnes, M.C. (2001). A Short Hist ory of the American Nation. (P. 450). New York LongmanKlockars CB (2000) The measurement of police integrity. U.S. Department of Justice Research Briefs. May 2000.